Extensively Drug Resistant Tuberculosis Management †Free Samples

Question: Discuss about the Extensively Drug Resistant Tuberculosis Management. Answer: Introduction Public health is one of the vital areas of healthcare which needs immediate attention and concern. In this respect, public health refers to the science of reducing the instances of diseases, improve overall human health through categorized choices and informed decision making aspects. The aspect of public health takes into consideration a small number of people to population spanning over continents. It also covers the overall physical and mental health of an individual and community. For the current study, tuberculosis prevention had been taken into consideration. The assignment aims at the development of an evaluation plan for the establishment of strategic goals and objectives for the implementation of optimum health standards and protocols for the maintenance of public health. In the current study tuberculosis prevention methods and programs have been taken into consideration. We have tried to develop an evaluation plan around the preventive measures and the effectiveness of those intervention plans in reducing the risk of tuberculosis within the Australian population. The current topic addressed the risk of tuberculosis within the current Australian population. In this context, almost one third of the worlds population is thought to be affected with Tuberculosis (TB). It is caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which belongs to the family Mycobacteriaceae. The bacterium here are highly aerobic in nature and are found affect the mammalian respiratory system. They can also spread to the other parts of the body and differs widely in expressivity. As per the reports provided by the department of health (DOH), Government of Australia, 1317 cases of tuberculosis was reported in the year 2012 itself and 1263 in 2013(abs, 2017). This represents almost 5.5 percent of 100,000 odd living in Australia. In this regard, Australia's overseas-born population reported the maximum number of TB cases (Lnnroth et al. 2015). The causes for the high rates of TB in the overseas population could be due to reactivation of remotely acquired latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI). This is generally followed by a migration from a low or intermediate income, high TB affected country to a high-income country with reduced rates of such incidences. Description of the program The program implemented over here aims at early identification and treatment of active TB along with tracing the origin or the cause of the infection. For the prevention and control of tuberculosis in the Australian population, a series of national guidelines have been developed in collaboration with Communicable Disease Network Australia (CDNA). The guideline helps in the inculcation of sufficiently trained professionals within the prevention programs, along with drawing inspiration from past experiences. The guidelines help in the implementation of evidence-based methods in the planning of the prevention programs. For the current study, a number of prevention methods and alternatives have been chosen that could play an instrumental role in the prevention of tuberculosis within the Australian population. Some of the measures which could be employed over here are early diagnosis along with the provision of prompt treatment. In this respect, case management and screening of the transmission act as crucial public health measures in minimising the spread of the tuberculosis infection. The overseas-born Australians have depicted higher percentage of TB compared to the native Australians. The TB infection can be divided into two particular stages-active and latent stages. In both the stages, the affected person is carrying the pathogen and the same gets transmitted through the sneeze, sputum and other body discharge of the ones carrying an active form of the infection. Therefore, coming in contact with a person in the active stage of infection can possess threat of infection. As commented by Meara et al. (2015), the relapses of the infection are mostly due to reactivation of latently acquired infections. Thus, over here rapid immigration and exodus of the population are some of the factors, which factors which contribute towards the rapid spread and transmission of tuberculosis. The prevention programs which could be implemented over here are appropriate case management and contact management. The case management refers to conducting health assessments of the suspected person with the help of sufficient support from the experienced care professionals (Nhavoto et al. 2015). As commented by Dieleman et al. (2014), provision of correct figures regarding the number of TB cases can help in generating more awareness among the target population. Additionally, provision of treatment in a timely manner with the support of local and state health forums can play a crucial role. In this respect, the health departments need to apply sufficient quarantine measure for the prevention of transmission. This is followed by contact management where the source of the infection is reviewed. This helps in the application of appropriate isolation measures, which further prevents the spread of the disease. In this respect, analysing the nature of the infection can help in further preventive measures to be designed. Thus, pulmonary tuberculosis needs greater intervention and prevention strategies. The implementation of active screening procedures within the prevention programs can help in reducing the transmission rates. Some of the preliminary test methods which could be applied over here are conducting chest x-rays along with sputum cultures. For the diagnosis of the latent stage of TB, tuberculin skin test could be performed. However, some of these tests are very costly, limiting the utilisation of these by the present population (Jogerst et al. 2015). As commented by Esposito et al. (2014), most of the people lack knowledge regarding the mode of infection and controllable options for TB. Therefore, the goal of the program will be to generate sufficient knowledge and education within the current population regarding TB and its preventive measures. Additionally, provision of financial support or free medicines can also help in the generation of a TB free population. Table for evaluation plan Goal: To reduce the chance occurrence of TB within the Australian population and reduce the incidents of relapse within a year Objectives Strategies Process indicators Data collection methods of process indicators Impact/outcome indicators Data collection method of 2 effect indicators To identify and treat infectious cases of TB in a timely manner Apply stricter screening process at the airports Timely home visits of the local health agencies to the suspected cases Active documentation methods Conducting tests like tuberculin skin tests and x-rays of the suspected patients for free at health camps Conducting interviews of suspected cases and gathering of the quantitative data for generation of leads Compilation of the test results into full TB assessment results Compilation of the interview data into health reports /press releases would help in generation of sufficient awareness the test reports and results would help in focussing upon the major source of infection conduct follow-ups of the recently cured cases in order to ensure speedy recovery within a time frame of 6 months Identification of infected contacts and reduce their risk of developing active TB appropriate quarantine measures to be applied by promoting the use of articles such as protective breathing masks Measuring the reduction in the transmission of infection through conducting health tests on regular basis The implementation of sufficient prevention strategies such as wearing masks can help in achieving TB free statistics within a very short time frame To implement health education strategies at the state as well as the local level to reduce the rate of TB infection To conduct re-assessments every six months till the time of getting completely nil results Table 1: summary of the evaluation plan (Source: author) Rationale justifying the evaluation plan For the development of an effective evaluation plan, a number of factors would need to be taken into consideration. Some of these factors are the feasibility of the evaluation plan in controlling or reducing the rates of TB within the current population. Additionally, some of the other factors which need to be taken into consideration over here are getting sufficient support from the stakeholders along with timely implementation of prevention plans. In this context, getting approval from the stakeholders for the implementation of the intervention strategies can play a crucial role. The stakeholder over here includes the people affected with tuberculosis in general or their respective families, the hospital administration and the state or federal governments. Thus, cumulative support and appreciation from the major stakeholders can help in the implementation of the preventive strategies (Brownson et al. 2017). One of the first steps which could be taken in this regard is provision of adequate health education regarding the preventive measures. In this respect, development of sufficient health education programs focussing upon the cause and transmission modes of TB can generate awareness within the target population group. In this respect, participation from the state and the federal level governments can play an effective role in supporting the assessment strategies. In this respect, two such main criteria which had been taken into consideration are case management and contact management. The case management is mainly focussed upon provision of adequate care and support services to the ones affected with TB (Esposito et al. 2014). This calls for the involvement of sufficiently trained professionals along with control interventions to be implemented by the CDNA. The framework for program evaluation could be entailed in steps as follows: The contact management is a much broad spectrum area and calls for sufficient education and intervention strategies, which helps in effective screening and controlling the rate of transmission of the same. Within the Australian context, the spread of tuberculosis could be attributed to the huge immigration of the overseas population with the latent form of the disease (Getahun et al. 2015). Therefore, stricter screening methods could be applied with cooperation from the national commission such as CDNA and state or federal governments. The immigrants showing signs of the disease need to be put into immediate quarantine measures. The evaluation could be further supported by way of drafting a number of questions such as what are the activities; when the activities should occur; how the activities will be completed and who is responsible for completing them? In this context, adequate data management can play an effective role in reducing the transmission rates by making the government aware of the statistics. However, as argued by Ortblad et al. (2015), a number of political and ethical dilemmas are faced in the implementation of the stricter measures. Some of these are greater friction from different political parties questioning the limitations imposed upon the immigration policies. As commented by Woolf et al. (2015), immigration is a way of earnings adequate foreign exchange for a company. Additionally, a number of ethical barriers may be faced in the context of dissemination of health services. TB being a highly contagious disease needs sufficient quarantine and isolation to prevent the rate of transmission. However, as supported by Jogerst et al. (2016), lack knowledge within a particular section of the audience often hinders the success rates of the screening and interventions applied. Strategies for successful dissemination utilization In this respect, the various dissemination tools play a crucial role in the development of the evaluation plan. The dissemination tools play a crucial role in understanding the scope, loopholes along with the aims and objectives of the evaluation plan (Bryant?Lukosius et al. 2016). They are useful in educating the target section of audiences regarding the various health aspects and parameters. Some of the dissemination tools are- government data reports, press releases and policy briefs. These resources act as comparative tools analysing the different health reports and facts presented through various surveys. The data from the various reports would help in identification of the causative factors for the higher percentage of TB within the immigrant population (Meara et al. 2015). The same also helps in referral to adequate intervention strategies or programs which could help in the delivery of the relief programs. In this context, a number of strategies could be applied for the development of effective dissemination sources. Some of these are drafting of appropriate health reports with entailed description of the patient condition, the site of the TB infection and the possible mode of transmission. The reports should also provide sufficient information regarding the preliminary cause of the infection. All the cases need to be notified and the data needs to be entered into jurisdictional disease databases (Dieleman et al. 2014). The data on the confirmed cases are further reported to the Commonwealth via the National Notifiable Disease Surveillance System (NNDSS). As commented by Bryant?Lukosius et al. (2016), the data needs to contain information regarding the risk factors, clinical diagnostics and treatment outcomes. The collective data are reported to World Health Organization (WHO) by May following the end of the reporting year. As commented by Woolf et al. (2015), the data needs to be offi cially acknowledged. Therefore, the reports and the official press releases help in gathering sufficient participation from the government and other state concerned departments, which helps in the provision of quick care methods and intervention strategies. The documentation further helps in segregation of the TB cases as per their redressal needs. Thus, the infection severity clearly mentioned within the policy reports can help in identification of the stage of the disease. The stages could be marked as index or confirmed cases of TB, source case is the one, who may have transferred the infection to the index case and finally the multidrug-resistant cases. As commented by Seddon and Shingadia (2014), such segregation helps in the provision of utmost care strategies. Conclusion The current study focuses on the concept of development of an evaluation plan for the prevention of tuberculosis within the Australian population. One of the major reasons for the high rates of tuberculosis within the immigrant and non-native Australian population is reactivation of remotely acquired tuberculosis. Therefore, to control the transmission of tuberculosis from the migrant populations the Australian government has applied stricter measures. This implies thorough background check up at the airports. This helps in effective case management along with screening the contact process with infected people. However, the current study mainly focuses on the documentation process and getting continuous support from the different health channels for controlling the rate of TB within the current population. The evaluative plan mainly focuses on setting up of a collaborative network between different health state and local health channels and need to be supported by trained professiona ls. As per the CDNA guidelines, effective documentation procedures need to follow where particular details regarding the mode of contact and stages of the infection are recorded for each and every confirmed case of TB. The information is then passed on to WHO at the national level and CDNA, which helps in the eradication and the control of the disease. The documentation process plays a crucial role in the prevention of tuberculosis. The process should be completed by giving full and in-depth information regarding the severity of the cases. This helps in the implication of proper policies and procedures. In the current study, some of the practices such as case management and contact management had been given special importance along with garnering sufficient participation from the stakeholders. This helps in the implementation of sufficient health advocacy and educational programs. 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