Christopher Wren, the Man Who Rebuilt London

After the Great Fire of London in 1666, Sir Christopher Wren designed new churches and supervised the reconstruction of some of Londons most important buildings. His name is synonymous with London architecture. Background Born: October 20, 1632, at East Knoyle in Wiltshire, England Died: February 25, 1723, in London (age 91) Tombstone Epitaph (translated from Latin) in St. Pauls Cathedral, London: Underneath lies buried Christopher Wren, the builder of this church and city; who lived beyond the age of ninety years, not for himself, but for the public good. If you seek his memorial, look about you. Early Training Sickly as a child, Christopher Wren began his education at home with his father and a tutor. Later, he attended school outside of home. Westminster School: Wren may have done some studies here between 1641 and 1646.Oxford: Began astronomy studies in 1649. Received B.A. in 1651, M.A. in 1653 After graduation, Wren worked on astronomy research and became a Professor of Astronomy at Gresham College in London and later at Oxford. As an astronomer, the future architect developed exceptional skills working with models and diagrams, experimenting with creative ideas, and engaging in scientific reasoning. Wrens Early Buildings In the 17th century, architecture was considered a pursuit that could be practiced by any gentleman educated in the field of mathematics. Christopher Wren began designing buildings when his uncle, the Bishop of Ely, asked him to plan a new chapel for Pembroke College, Cambridge. 1663-1665: New chapel for Pembroke College, Cambridge1664-1668: Sheldonian Theatre, Oxford King Charles II commissioned Wren to repair St. Pauls Cathedral. In May 1666, Wren submitted plans for a classical design with a high dome. Before this work could proceed, the fire destroyed the Cathedral and much of London. When Wren Rebuilt London In September 1666, the Great Fire of London destroyed 13,200 houses, 87 churches, St. Pauls Cathedral, and most of Londons official buildings. Christopher Wren proposed an ambitious plan that would rebuild London with wide streets radiating from a central hub. Wrens plan failed, probably because property owners wanted to keep the same land they owned before the fire. However, Wren did design 51 new city churches and the new St Pauls Cathedral. In 1669, King Charles II hired Wren to oversee the reconstruction of all the royal works (government buildings). Notable Buildings 1670-1683: St. Mary Le Bow, at Cheapside, London, UK1671-1677: Monument to the Great Fire of London, with Robert Hooke1671-1681: St. Nicholas Cole Abbey, London1672-1687: St. Stephens Walbrook, London1674-1687: St. James, at Picadilly, London1675-1676: Royal Observatory, Greenwich, UK1675-1710: Saint Pauls Cathedral, London1677: Rebuilt St. Lawrence Jewry, London1680: St. Clement Danes, at Strand, London1682: Christ Church College Bell Tower, Oxford, UK1695: Royal Hospital Chelsea, with John Soane1696-1715: Greenwich Hospital, Greenwich, UK Architectural Style Classical: Christopher Wren was familiar with the 1st Century Roman architect Vitruvius and the Renaissance thinker Giacomo da Vignola, who outlined Vitruviuss ideas in The Five Orders of Architecture. Wrens first buildings were inspired by the classical works of English architect Inigo Jones.Baroque: Early in his career, Wren traveled to Paris, studied French baroque architecture, and met the Italian Baroque architect Gianlorenzo Bernini. Christopher Wren used baroque ideas with classical restraint. His style influenced Georgian architecture in England and the American colonies. Scientific Achievements Christopher Wren was trained as a mathematician and scientist. His research, experiments, and inventions won the praise of the great scientists Sir Isaac Newton and Blaise Pascal. In addition to many important mathematical theories, Sir Christopher: built a transparent beehive to help study beesinvented a weather clock similar to the barometerinvented an instrument for writing in the darkdeveloped improvements in the telescope and the microscopeexperimented with injecting fluids into the veins of animals, laying the groundwork for successful blood transfusionconstructed a detailed model of the moon Awards and Achievements 1673: Knighted1680: Founded the Royal Society of London for Improving Natural Knowledge. Served as president from 1680 to 1682.1680, 1689 and 1690: Served as a Member of Parliament for Old Windsor Quotes Attributed to Sir Christopher Wren A time will come when men will stretch out their eyes. They should see planets like our Earth. Architecture has its political Use; public buildings being the ornament of a country; it establishes a nation, draws people and commerce; makes the people love their native country, which passion is the origin of all great actions in a Commonwealth...architecture aims at eternity. In things to be seen at once, much variety makes confusion, another vice of beauty. In things that are not seen at once, and have no respect one to another, great variety is commendable, provided this variety transgress not the rules of optics and geometry. Sources Architecture Buildings. Royal Hospital Chelsea, 2019. Barozzi da Vignola, Giacomo. Canon of the Five Orders of Architecture. Dover Architecture, 1st edition, Dover Publications, February 15, 2012. Christopher Wren 1632–1723. Oxford Reference, 2019. Geometry quotes. MacTutor History of Mathematics archive, School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of St Andrews, Scotland, February 2019. Geraghty, Anthony. The Architectural Drawings of Sir Christopher Wren at All Souls College, Oxford: A Complete Catalogue. Reinterpreting Classicism: Culture, Reaction Appropriation, Lund Humphries, December 28, 2007. Greenwich Hospital. Great Buildings, 2013. Jardine, Lisa. On a Grander Scale: The Outstanding Life of Sir Christopher Wren. Hardcover, 1 Edition, Harper, January 21, 2003. Schofield, John. St Pauls Cathedral: archaeology and history. 1st Edition, Oxbow Books; 1st edition, September 16, 2016. Tinniswood, Adrian. His Invention So Fertile: A Life of Christopher Wren by Adrian Tinniswood. Paperback, Pimlico, 1765. Whinney, Margaret. Wren. Paperback, Thames Hudson Ltd, May 1, 1998. Windows. St Lawrence Jewry.

The Long Walk Home And Sociological Perspective - 2416 Words

Humans often take pride in their ability to think freely and act independently. However, many actions that we perform and certain ways we behave in society are often quickly overlooked and not questioned. We often do not understand why we perform certain tasks or adhere to certain rules. However, we still paradoxically pride ourselves in our freedom. By analyzing the sociological perspective, we can understand how much of a role society often plays in our actions and behavior as individuals in society. Certainly, the sociological perspective can allow us to analyze events in the movie The Long Walk Home more closely. The sociological perspective can allow us to understand how the actions of the characters are often chained and their behaviors controlled by society, through using the theories of social location, social control, and social stratification. The sociological perspective can also allow us to understand why these characters strangely adhered to these forms of oppressive con trol and often resisted change, through using role theory and the sociology of knowledge. Lastly, the sociological perspective will allow us to understand how actors can break free of these bindings, through using an interpretive analysis and applying concepts such as freedom, ecstasy, and bad faith. Overall, the sociological perspective allows us to understand the personalities, actions, and story of The Long Walk Home through revealing to us how these features were guided through control,Show MoreRelatedVideo Analysis on the Long Walk Home749 Words   |  3 PagesSociology Midterm - Video Analysis 1. Summary: The film I chose for this analysis is The Long Walk Home, directed by Richard Pearce. This film is about Odessa, an African-American maid in the Thompson family’s household in Montgomery, Alabama in the 1950s. On December 1, 1955 Rosa Parks ‘refused to obey bus driver James F. Blake’s order to give up her seat in the colored section to a white passenger, after the white section was filled.’ Ms. Parks was arrested and there followed the MontgomeryRead MoreMarriage, Divorce, And Cultural Changes Essay996 Words   |  4 Pagesand cultural changes.† In the article, â€Å"How Cohabitation is Reshaping American families,† it shares that â€Å"most couples marrying today already know what living with their spouse will be like. That’s because they have been living together long before they walk down the aisle. The most common path to marriage is cohabitation, not dating. Once described as â€Å"living in sin† or â€Å"Shacking up,† cohabitation has become an experience.† I thought this was a powerful statement because it explains cohabitationRead MoreThe Final Project : Being Black Essay1674 Words   |  7 Pagesfabric of a community† (Parillo, 2014, p. 27). Native-born African Americans have always been assimilated more than any immigrant group to include Africans and some sociologists argue they share few experiences. Race realism is the progressive sociological approach of studying all â€Å"aspects of race, whether historical, cultural, or biological† (Roodt, 2012). Without understanding race, the problems within American society will continue to multiply and for our country’s race issues to resolve, weRead MoreThe Biological And Physiological Characteristics Between Men And Women1236 Words   |  5 Pagesthroughout the world, but differences in gender do. One is able to see such differences throughout various elements of society such as through mass media and objects. To explain these sex and gender differences one must understand the three main sociological perspectives, which include, structural functionalist, conflict, and symbolic interactionism. Structural functionalist belief that society is a system of interconnected parts that work together in harmony to maintain a state of balance and social equilibriumRead MoreThe Patterns Of Majority And Minority Interaction1376 Words   |  6 Pages This assumption could be classified as a fair generalization as Asian students produce an overall better test score average than other ethnicities. To reiterate upon a previous statement, it is incredibly important that people learn to take a sociological approach when researching other cultures in order to avoid racism, prejudice, and discrimination. Race isn’t the only topic that should be discussed; sexism continues to remain within headlines even in modern societies. The roles of women haveRead MoreMy Life That Have Impacted Me1398 Words   |  6 Pagesevents: Growing up, I split my time equally between two very different households. My parent’s divorced when I was still a baby so I have no memory of ever living with them under one roof. Because I had two homes, however I had what I considered two separate lives. Living in two separate homes I made two groups of friends, knew two different sets of neighbors, had two sets of holiday celebrations, and abided by two separate and drastically different sets of rules. The only thing that was constantRead MoreThe Homelessness Problem Of Homelessness2287 Words   |  10 PagesHomelessness has been an sociological issue for a very long time now. It seems to be a rising issue all over the country. Here in the Portland, Oregon area, we are very lucky. This is a wonderful place to live. Socially, we accept everyone no matter what you look like or believe in. Our mantra is â€Å"Keep Portland Weird.† Honestly, from a sociological standpoint, there are not that many issues, however there is one that is growing and is becoming a major problem. In Portland, we have a major homelessnessRead MoreSociological Imagination Was Coined By Sociologist C. Wright Mills1649 Words   |  7 PagesSociological imagination was coined by sociologist C. Wright Mills in 1959 to describe the ability to remove oneself from a given situation whether it affects your life or not personally and try to imagine the situation or conflict from a different perspective or more global view. It’s the personal perspective that affects our judgments, opinions and actions to a situation. Removal of the personal viewpoint gives us an unbiased way to make a decision that is fair. Removing past prejudices and moresRead MoreThe Invention Of The Automobile Industry1622 Words   |  7 Pagesbeing able to choose where, when, and who to socialize with along with creating trends such as tailgating, road trips, theaters, and festivals. This entire (third-person) essay is based on the sociological imagin ation, a method of viewing society from an observational point of view rather than a personal perspective, in order to understand the impact of cars on society. Cars have been in production since the late 1800s and ever since they became an object of the masses their use has become a force inRead MoreA Woman s Mother And One Brother Are Deceased1538 Words   |  7 Pagesmoment rather than inhibiting her immediate desires for long-term goals. She struggles with respect and valuing herself, with inflexibility in thought processing, displays poor judgment and limited insight. She also has difficulties with accepting responsibility whenever she does something wrong and will instead ask to be removed from her current home and seek respite services. Additionally, she will refuse to attend the day program and will walk to a local town. She cannot read but is able to identify

Imperial Woman Essay Example For Students

Imperial Woman Essay In 1852, a Manchurian girl, Orchid, clan name Yehonala, was summoned to beviewed by the Emperor of China. On the twentieth day of the sixth moon, the lastEmpress of China was chosen. By right, her cousin, Sakota, was the Emperorsconsort, but she gave birth to a girl. Yehonala gave birth to a boy and becamethe Empress, Tzu Hsi. Once the Son of Heaven dies, Tzu Hsi and the consort, TzuAn, became the Empress Mother and Regent. Since Tzu Hsi was the stronger of thetwo, it seemed as if she was the only Empress. Her son grew up to be the Emperorof China. All his decisions were still made by his mother, but he died young. Tzu Hsi had to find the next heir before any trouble started. She took hersister and the sixth princes son to be raised as the next Emperor. Once theHeir grew up, Tzu Hsi retired to the Summer Palace. Again, she was called backto be the ruler of China since her nephew had made foolish decision. The peopleof China called her Old Buddha. According the novel, Yehonala was a beautifulwoman with a fierce heart. Since she was a virgin, she was called to be viewedby the Dowager Mother and the Son of Heaven. She could not disobey the command. Yehonala wanted to marry her third cousin, Jung Lu, but the Emperor of Chinachose her to be one of his concubines. His mother opposed this decision becauseshe noticed Yehonala had a strong spirit. Concubines were not meant to haveambitions, they were meant to be pretty and serve the Emperor in any way. Yehonalas cousin, Sakota was chosen to the Consort. Earlier, an older Sakotawas Emperors chosen one, but she had died. By tradition, the Emperor mustfulfill his duties to the dead Consort by choosing Sakota to be his new Consort. Once Sakota conceived, the Emperors duties were done and he turned toYehonala. The Emperor did not leave his bedchamber for three days. According tothe records, no concubine or consort had stayed with the Emperor Hsien Feng forsuch a long time. Yehonala became pregnant, but she did not say anything. IfSakota bore a son, then Yehonala would be useless. However, if Yehonala bore ason and Sakota bore a girl, then Yehonala would have the title of the youngDowager Mother. As it turns out, Sakota did give birth to a weak girl. Yehonalastarted to educate herself so she would be a proper ruler. The Dowager Motherhad died at the announcement of the girl infant and the pregnancy of Yehonala. On third moon of the spring year, Yehonala gave birth to a son. According totradition, Sakota had a duty to protect the Heir like her own child. Because ofher status, Yehonala manipulated the Emperor to allow her to have an equalposition as Sakota. Her name was changed to Tzu Hsi. Before her life was simple,now she has to defend her life and her sons life from the younger brothers ofthe Emperor. Prince Cheng, Prince Yi, and the Grand Councilor plotted to killTzu Hsi and the Heir while the son of Heaven was dying. Tzu Hsi very cunninglypersuaded the dying monarch to declare the child the heir and the two Empressesas Regents. As a supreme ruler and more dominant than Sakota, Tzu Hsi orderedthe Three Traitors to die. The Grand Councilor Su Shun was sliced into onethousand pieces and his whole family was killed. Prince Yi and Prince Kung wereordered to hang themselves in order to save face, or die with dignaty. Otherthan protect herself from power greedy politicians, the Chinese distrust edfemale rulers, specially the females from Manchu race, so there were many rebelsready to overthrow the dynasty. Foreigners were trying to take over businessesand convert China to a more Western lifestyle. All of this was her burden totake of and she was only twenty-six years old. As her son grew up, there wassome speculation about the little emperors paternity. Tzu Hsi had made JungLu the new Grand Councilor and there was talk about who was the real father. .uc380c5a102ec16ce8b1211e89d1b1d41 , .uc380c5a102ec16ce8b1211e89d1b1d41 .postImageUrl , .uc380c5a102ec16ce8b1211e89d1b1d41 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uc380c5a102ec16ce8b1211e89d1b1d41 , .uc380c5a102ec16ce8b1211e89d1b1d41:hover , .uc380c5a102ec16ce8b1211e89d1b1d41:visited , .uc380c5a102ec16ce8b1211e89d1b1d41:active { border:0!important; } .uc380c5a102ec16ce8b1211e89d1b1d41 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uc380c5a102ec16ce8b1211e89d1b1d41 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uc380c5a102ec16ce8b1211e89d1b1d41:active , .uc380c5a102ec16ce8b1211e89d1b1d41:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uc380c5a102ec16ce8b1211e89d1b1d41 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uc380c5a102ec16ce8b1211e89d1b1d41 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uc380c5a102ec16ce8b1211e89d1b1d41 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uc380c5a102ec16ce8b1211e89d1b1d41 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uc380c5a102ec16ce8b1211e89d1b1d41:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uc380c5a102ec16ce8b1211e89d1b1d41 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uc380c5a102ec16ce8b1211e89d1b1d41 .uc380c5a102ec16ce8b1211e89d1b1d41-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uc380c5a102ec16ce8b1211e89d1b1d41:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Balance Lab EssayOnce the little Emperor was in his teens, he became the Emperor of China, butTzu Hsi still had power behind the throne. The Dowager Mother did not wantforeigners taking over her country, so she forbade any sort of foreign object inher court. She believed the people were trying to ruin China without hersisters, Queen Victoria, knowledge. China was divided into two halves. One half believed in the old customs, while the other wanted to become more likethe mysterious Western world. Tzu Hsi believed in the old traditions. Sheexpected her sons first duty was to his mother. However, when it came tochoose the Emperors consort, the Emperor would not listen to his mother andmarried Alute, a daughter of Duke Chung Li. Alute had the same ambitions as TzuHsi had when she was chosen. The Empress Mother was scared of Alute replacingher. Tzu Hsi allowed a concubine, Jasmine to be near the Emperor while Alute wasgone. Jasmine was a perfect foil to Alute in body. Because of the competitionbetween Alute and Jasmine, Tzu Hsi still had power over her son. For someunknown reason, the Emperor fell ill and died. Jasmine was sent to the palace ofForgotten Concubines and Alute, out of duty, swallowed opium. In order to savethe throne, Tzu Hsi went to the son of her sister, the wife of the PrinceChun. She claimed him as the new Emperor. As the new Emperor grew, he becamecurio us about the white men. Once the Empress left her title and retired,many attempts were made on her life. The way Tzu Hsi lived was very extravagantand money was taken out from the military. Tzu Hsi did not think of herself as aburden. As an Elder, she believed she had the right to be respected. The Emperordid not believe in the old traditions. He did something that shocked Tzu Hsiback into the throne. He slept with his concubine, Pearl, but his wife stayed avirgin. The Emperor was still the Emperor, but he was like a puppet. His stringswere being pulled but Tzu Hsi. The last Empress lived so long, the people beganto call her Benevolent Mother, Ancient One, and Old Buddha. The Imperial Womanshows a side of the last Empress that the western world could not believe. Inmany novels, Tzu Hsi was noted as a cruel tigress, but because of herstubbornness to the old traditions and burdens, she tried to make China for herson. Once her son died, she did not care how China was, but to fulfill a duty tofind a new Emperor and train him. Yehonala did not care for her nephew, but itwas her duty to train him. There are many history mistakes in Imperial Woman. For example, Yehonala and Sakota were never cousins. As property of the Emperor,it would have been impossible for Yehonala to have bore a child of another man. Even the Emeperors concubines, who were nothing but chattels, were heavliyguarded. It would not be proper for two women to have the same lord. However,Imperial Woman is high recommend to learn more about the last empress of China.